Before the digitization of financial trust, credit was a physical obligation recorded on split tally sticks. This primitive but effective system ensured that both the creditor and debtor possessed a matching physical record of the transaction, making fraud technically difficult without altering both pieces of wood.
This bilateral verification method served as the precursor to modern double-entry bookkeeping. It established the fundamental principle that credit is not an abstract value, but a documented relationship between two parties based on verifiable historical performance.
As trade expanded, these physical records transitioned into centralized paper ledgers held by merchant banks. This shift required a higher degree of trust in institutional record-keeping, laying the groundwork for what we now recognize as credit limits based on documented commercial capacity.